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Jakob von Uexküll
Jakob Johann Baron von Uexküll (8 September 1864 - 25 July 1944) was a Baltic German biologist who worked in the fields of muscular physiology, animal behaviour studies, and the cybernetics of life. However, his most notable contribution is the notion of ''umwelt'', used by semiotician Thomas Sebeok and philosopher Martin Heidegger. His works established biosemiotics as a field of research.
==Early life==
The son of Alexander Baron von Uexküll and Sophie von Hahn, Jakob von Uexküll was born in the Keblas estate, Mihkli, Governorate of Estonia.〔(Genealogisches Handbuch der baltischen Ritterschaften, 1930, p. 490 )〕 His aristocratic family lost most of their fortune by expropriation during the Russian Revolution. Needing to support himself, Uexküll took a job as professor at the University of Hamburg where he founded the Institut für Umweltforschung.〔Giorgio Agamben, ''The Open: Man and Animal'', trans. Kevin Attell (Stanford University Press, 2004), 39.〕
Uexküll was interested in how living beings perceive their environment(s). Uexküll argued that organisms perceived the experience of living in terms of species-specific, spatio-temporal, 'self-in-world' subjective reference frames that he called ''umwelt'' (translated as ''milieu'',''situation'', ''embedding''-lit. German for ''environment''). These umwelten (plural of umwelt) are distinctive from what Uexküll termed the "umgebung" which would be the living being's surroundings as seen from the likewise peculiar perspective or ''umwelt'' of the observer. The ''umwelt'' is composed of two parts, the ''innenwelt'' or self-oriented features, and the ''umgebung'', or world-oriented features. Together, they describe the individual's subjective viewpoint, or ''embedding'', which has the property of being ubiquitous, as compared to the observer's objective viewpoint, which has the property of being universal. Subjectivity and objectivity are important topics in Philosophy of Mind.
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